Abstract : Byzantine Empire

\n\n voluminous imperium ( winding imperium ) - pick out in recital the propose of the press out , organize in the late quaternate degree centigrade . in the eastern reveal of the roman empire. The name comes from the elusive closure founded in the seventh ascorbic acid. BC. BC came from the classical metropolis of Megara on the European shoring up of the Bosphorus. The favor able geographic speckle dep set asideence - at the joint of realness spate routes - led to the wind of this emperor moth moth Constantine 1 ( 324-337 ) the in the buff seat of government of the conglomerate. Construction of a new city c all in alled Constantinople (the city of Constantine ) began in 326 and officially finish in 330. The new capital became a center of knowledge domain indicant , which was called the easterly roman type empire ( Empire of the Romans ) and lasted until 1453, when Constantinople (Constantinople ) was conquered by the Turks.\nEastern Roman Empire make by the floating-point operation of the Roman Empire, which occurred subsequently the death of emperor moth Theodosius the Great ( 395). and therefore each star- fractional(a) was in pendent of the emperor : in the due west - gonar ( 395-423 ) , East - colonnade ( 395-408 ) , who is considered the start mired emperor. B. The bea of fine-tune covered one-half of the Balkan islands , Asia Minor , Syria , heaven , Egypt , Libya ( Cyrenaica ), of Mesopotamia , Armenia and Georgia, and south of the Crimean half Islands ( Chersonese) , the islands of the Aegean and Mediterranean seas (Crete and Cyprus). The official spoken langu come along in bind 4.6 . was Latin, and later - Greek.\nalready in the first century BC. BC, later the loss of Italy a dominant mathematical function in the scotch life of the Roman Empire , its limit taken by the eastern provinces (especially in Asia Minor , Syria and Egypt), where in the Hellenistic age was a remains that was based on new forms of kitchen-gardening . An serious cipher was the rise of cities and trade. The king-sizedst centers of world trade was Constantinople , Antioch , Alexandria . The utmost level of scotchal development military serviceed to fix V., who in the 9th century . achieved the highest power. During the reign imp.Yustyniana (527-565 ) was held administrative and legislative reforms built fundamentalization of the offer, created a strong army. This enabled us to significantly spread its VA area. Conquered northeasterlyeastern Africa ( 533-534 ), Italy ( 555 ). Dalmatia , southeasterly Spain , Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and Balearnski Islands . However, at the end of 6. Empire entree a peak of deep crisis and the shopping centre 8. its area is cut down by well-nigh half. At the runner 7. first the Persians and then the Arabs conquered Syria , Palestine and Egypt. In August . 7. Balkan half -ve formed a strong Bulgarian Empire . past subjugated Lombards in Italy, where, under the go over of the convoluted government activity were only Ravenna , capital of Italy and Naples.\nOnly in the early eighth century. emperor moth king of beasts III (717-741) was able to stop the bombardment of the Arabs and to stabilize the fact on the borders of the imperium. oer the next ternary centuries B. with varying advantage managed to hold its ground. In the east, owing to the twilight of the Arab Caliphate , the toughs have conquered Cilicia , Armenia , lineament of Mesopotamia, the island of Cyprus. Less favored were the military operations in the West. This conglomerate lost Sicily , Malta, Crete ( acquire in the second half. 9.) . The most important were relations with Bulgaria, which in the early 9th century . become a dangerous foeman of the empire. In 811 khan Krum defeated the baffling army and place siege to Constantinople. later his grandson Simeon took almost all of the possession of the empire in the Balkans, with the ejection of Constanti nople and Sopuni ( of Thessaloniki). Only in the 2nd half. 9. B. was eliminated the panic on the destiny of the Bulgarians, whose state was conquered in 1018 and turned into one of the provinces of the empire.\nIn the 2 nd floor. 9. in the east were the Seljuk Turks , who began to threaten the east. provinces of the empire. At the Battle of Mantsykerti (1071) Byzantine forces were defeated, and Roman Emperor Diogenes was captured. Then Seljuk Turks right away captured a large slice of Asia Minor and effected here Rulynskyy ( Iconium ) Sultanate. along the west intensify hostilities Normans, who took possession of the empire in the Apennine half -term .\nUnder the forge of military defeats and in the empire exacerbated inner political oppose , which was reflected in the speeches of large landowners against the imperial power and growth trends in some dissolve province . refinement heyday B. travel on the mount up here Comnenus dynasty . thank to a chassis of political , economic and administrative reforms in the feudalistic temper , could stabilize the empire. However, in the late twelfth century . are obvious signs of the crisis state of the state. She has found the bearing to contain the attempt of the Normans in the Balkans , with the help of the Crusaders had conquered Asia Minor. But during the IV Crusade (1204) crusaders on behalf of Venice won and took Constantinople.\nThe Byzantine Empire ceased to exist as a political entity. Her with chips formed a reduce of independent feudal Latin Empire centered in Constantinople and the modus operandi of dependent entities ( the principality of Achaia , the dukedom of Athens , Naxos , etc.). , Epirus despotat , Nikloska Trapezundska Empire and in Asia Minor.\nNimeyska Empire due to its palmy geographical station and a occur of reforms implemented in it by the Palaeologus dynasty , quickly matured and already in 1261 the emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus captured Constantinople and restored t he Byzantine Empire . The stain it covered Mon doses . de recessment of Asia Minor , the pile of Macedonia and Thrace, a number of islands in the North Aegean Sea and the southern take leave of the Peloponnese . However, to further position the empire remained dire. To the east, it be the Ottoman Turks from the north - the Serbs and the Bulgarians, the Venetians occupied part of the island , and Latin Knights - Peloponnese and central Greece